Internet of Things Previous Year Paper Solution || Odd Semester 2022 || BTER Polytechnic 5th Sem

Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER) December 22, 2024


1. Which of the following are the functions of IoT Gateway?

(a) Data Forwarding
(b) Device Management
(c) Protocol Conversion
(d) All of these

Answer: (d) All of these

Explanation:
IoT Gateways play a crucial role in IoT systems by connecting devices to the cloud. Their main functions include:

  • Data Forwarding: Transmitting data between devices and the cloud.
  • Device Management: Managing connected devices, such as firmware updates and connectivity.
  • Protocol Conversion: Bridging communication between devices using different protocols.

2. Which of the following actuators converts pressure into force?

(a) Mechanical Actuators
(b) Pneumatic Actuators
(c) Electric Actuators
(d) Magnetic Actuators

Answer: (b) Pneumatic Actuators

Explanation:
Pneumatic actuators work by converting compressed air (pressure) into mechanical force. They are commonly used in automation systems where air pressure drives mechanical movement.

3. Which of the UAV technology is self-configuring?

(a) Mesh
(b) Star
(c) Both Mesh and Star
(d) Grid

Answer: (c) Both Mesh and Star

Explanation:

  • Mesh Technology: Self-configuring, as devices can automatically connect with others in the network without manual intervention.
  • Star Technology: Also supports self-configuration but depends on a central hub for communication.
    Hence, both technologies can support self-configuration depending on the system requirements.

4. What is Sketch?

(a) Program coded in IoT devices.
(b) Program coded in Arduino IDE.
(c) Services of Arduino UNO.
(d) Services of IoT devices.

Answer: (b) Program coded in Arduino IDE

Explanation:
In Arduino, a "sketch" refers to the program written in the Arduino IDE, which is uploaded to the microcontroller for execution. It typically uses the C/C++ programming language.

5. What is the function setup() in Arduino?

(a) Where the code ends.
(b) Where the code begins.
(c) The function that makes the code active again.
(d) None of the above.

Answer: (b) Where the code begins.

Explanation:
The setup() function in Arduino is executed once when the program starts. It is used to initialize settings like pin modes or start communication protocols (e.g., Serial communication).

(vi) Arduino UNO में कितने डिजिटल I/O पिन हैं?

Answer: (a) 14
Explanation:
The Arduino UNO has 14 digital I/O pins, numbered 0 to 13. These pins can be configured as input or output using the pinMode() function in Arduino programming.

(vii) Raspbian एक ______ है।

Answer: (c) Operating System
Explanation:
Raspbian is a Debian-based operating system specifically designed for the Raspberry Pi. It provides a user-friendly interface and tools for programming and system management.

(viii) निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा वायरलेस सेंसर नेटवर्क से जुड़े सेंसर नोड का हिस्सा नहीं है?

Answer: (b) Gaming Unit
Explanation:
A gaming unit is unrelated to wireless sensor networks. Essential components of a sensor node include sensing units, processing units, communication units, and power supplies, which are necessary for sensing and transmitting data.

(ix) निम्न में से कौन सा वेक्टर सेंसर का उदाहरण है?

Answer: (c) दबाव और तनाव सेंसर (Pressure sensor and strain sensor)
Explanation:
A vector sensor measures quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Pressure sensors and strain sensors are examples because they provide directional measurements based on applied forces.

(x) निम्न में से कौन स्थिति को माप सकता है?

Answer: (c) Potentiometer & Encoder दोनों (Both potentiometer and encoder)
Explanation:

  • A potentiometer measures angular or linear position by varying resistance.
  • An encoder provides precise position feedback through digital signals.
    Both are commonly used to measure position in mechanical systems.

Section B:

1. विभिन्न प्रकार के सेंसरों के संबंध में समझाएं। (Briefly explain the different types of sensors)

Answer:
Sensors are categorized based on the type of data they measure:

  1. Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature changes (e.g., thermocouples, RTDs).
  2. Pressure Sensors: Detect pressure levels (e.g., barometers).
  3. Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence of objects (e.g., IR sensors).
  4. Motion Sensors: Sense movement (e.g., accelerometers).
  5. Light Sensors: Measure light intensity (e.g., photodiodes).
  6. Sound Sensors: Detect sound waves (e.g., microphones).

2. विभिन्न IoT घटकों की व्याख्या करें। (Explain the different IoT components)

Answer:
The primary components of IoT systems are:

  1. Sensors/Actuators: Collect environmental data and perform actions based on inputs.
  2. Connectivity: Networks like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connect devices to the internet.
  3. Edge Devices/Gateways: Aggregate and process data locally before sending it to the cloud.
  4. Cloud Platform: Stores and analyzes data from IoT devices.
  5. User Interface: Allows users to monitor and control IoT systems through dashboards or apps.

3. Explain the different IoT components.

Answer:
The primary components of an IoT system are:

  1. Sensors/Actuators: Collect data from the environment (e.g., temperature, pressure) and perform actions based on data inputs (e.g., opening a valve).
  2. IoT Gateways: Serve as intermediaries between IoT devices and the cloud by aggregating, processing, and transmitting data.
  3. Connectivity: Communication protocols (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) connect IoT devices to the network.
  4. Cloud Platform: Stores and processes the data collected from IoT devices.
  5. User Interface: Applications or dashboards that allow users to interact with the system and make decisions.

4. What are the constraints on sensor nodes?

Answer:
The constraints on sensor nodes include:

  1. Power Limitations: Most sensor nodes operate on batteries, which limits their lifetime.
  2. Memory Constraints: Limited storage capacity for data and programs.
  3. Processing Power: Low computational capability due to size and energy restrictions.
  4. Communication Range: Limited range for transmitting data.
  5. Environmental Conditions: Sensor nodes must withstand heat, cold, dust, and moisture.

5. What are the components of sensor nodes?

Answer:
The main components of a sensor node are:

  1. Sensing Unit: Detects physical phenomena (e.g., light, temperature).
  2. Processing Unit: Processes the data collected by sensors.
  3. Communication Unit: Transmits data to other nodes or gateways using protocols like Zigbee or Bluetooth.
  4. Power Unit: Powers the sensor node, typically via batteries or energy harvesting.

6. Explain the features of Arduino.

Answer:
Key features of Arduino include:

  1. Open-Source Platform: Both hardware and software are freely available for customization.
  2. User-Friendly IDE: Easy-to-use interface for programming.
  3. Compatibility: Supports various sensors, actuators, and modules.
  4. Flexibility: Suitable for both beginners and advanced users for prototyping.
  5. Multiple Boards: Various models like Arduino UNO, Nano, and Mega for different applications.

7. What are the types of data analysis?

Answer:
The types of data analysis are:

  1. Descriptive Analysis: Summarizes data to provide insights into past events.
  2. Diagnostic Analysis: Identifies the causes of an event or issue.
  3. Predictive Analysis: Uses data to predict future outcomes.
  4. Prescriptive Analysis: Provides recommendations based on analysis to optimize outcomes.

8. Explain the basic architecture of Raspberry Pi.

Answer:
The basic architecture of Raspberry Pi includes:

  1. Processor: ARM-based CPU for computing tasks.
  2. Memory: Onboard RAM for temporary storage.
  3. GPIO Pins: For connecting sensors, actuators, and other peripherals.
  4. Storage: SD card slot for operating system and data storage.
  5. Connectivity: Includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB, and Bluetooth for communication.
  6. HDMI Port: For video output to displays.

9. What are the building blocks of Hadoop?

Answer:
The building blocks of Hadoop are:

  1. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System): Stores large datasets across multiple nodes.
  2. MapReduce: Processes data in parallel across nodes.
  3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator): Manages resources and schedules tasks.
  4. Hadoop Common: Provides utilities and libraries needed for Hadoop modules.

Section C:

10. Explain the IoT service-oriented architecture in detail.

Answer:

IoT Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): IoT SOA is a framework that integrates IoT devices and applications using standardized services. It ensures efficient communication, data sharing, and interoperability.

  1. Layers of IoT SOA:

    • Perception Layer: Includes sensors and actuators to collect and transmit data.
    • Network Layer: Transfers data using protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee.
    • Processing Layer: Analyzes and processes data using cloud computing or edge computing.
    • Application Layer: Provides user-friendly applications for monitoring and controlling IoT systems.

  2. Components:

    • Service Provider: Offers IoT-based services (e.g., real-time data monitoring).
    • Service Requester: Users or devices requesting services.
    • Service Registry: Maintains a list of available IoT services.

  3. Benefits:

    • Scalability, reusability of services, and seamless integration across platforms.

11. Discuss the application of IoT for homes.

Applications of IoT in Smart Homes:

  1. Smart Lighting: Automatic control of lights based on occupancy or daylight levels.
  2. Smart Thermostats: Adjusts room temperature using sensors and user preferences.
  3. Home Security Systems: Real-time surveillance with cameras, motion detectors, and alerts.
  4. Appliance Control: Remote management of devices like washing machines, refrigerators, etc.
  5. Energy Management: Monitors power consumption and optimizes energy use.
  6. Voice Assistance: Integration of virtual assistants like Alexa or Google Home for hands-free control.

Benefits:

  • Increased convenience, energy efficiency, and enhanced security.

12. Explain the different data handling techniques.

Data Handling Techniques in IoT:

  1. Data Collection: Use of sensors and devices to collect raw data from the environment.
  2. Data Storage: Storing data locally (edge storage) or on cloud servers.
  3. Data Preprocessing: Cleaning and filtering raw data to remove redundancies.
  4. Data Transmission: Secure transfer of data using protocols like MQTT and HTTP.
  5. Data Analysis: Applying machine learning and analytics to derive insights.
  6. Data Visualization: Presenting processed data through dashboards or graphs.

Challenges and Solutions:

  • Challenge: Limited storage and bandwidth.
  • Solution: Use of compression and real-time processing.

13. Explain the different types of sensor networks in IoT.

Types of Sensor Networks:

  1. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): Use wireless protocols like ZigBee and LoRa for communication.
  2. Body Area Networks (BAN): Sensors placed on the human body for health monitoring.
  3. Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN): Used for marine environment monitoring.
  4. Mobile Sensor Networks: Sensors attached to moving objects like drones or vehicles.
  5. Hybrid Sensor Networks: Combines two or more types of networks for enhanced capabilities.

Applications:

  • Environmental monitoring, healthcare, transportation, and industrial automation.

14. Explain the various components and peripherals of Raspberry Pi board.

Ans 

Raspberry Pi is a small single-board computer (SBC). It is a credit card-sized computer that can be plugged into a monitor. It acts as a minicomputer by connecting the keyboard, mouse, and display. Raspberry Pi has an ARM processor and 512MB of RAM.

Components of Raspberry Pi:

  1. Processor: ARM-based CPU for processing tasks.
  2. Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for running programs.
  3. GPIO Pins: For connecting sensors and actuators.
  4. HDMI Port: For connecting displays.
  5. USB Ports: For peripherals like keyboards, mice, or storage devices.
  6. Ethernet/Wi-Fi: For network connectivity.
  7. SD Card Slot: Acts as the primary storage for the operating system and files.

Peripherals:

  • Camera Module: For image and video capturing.
  • HATs (Hardware Attached on Top): Expansion boards to add functionalities.
  • External Sensors: For temperature, humidity, and other measurements.

15. Explain any four communication protocols important for IoT.

Answer:

  1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight protocol for low-bandwidth networks.
  2. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Common protocol for web-based IoT applications.
  3. Zigbee: Low-power protocol for home automation and industrial IoT.
  4. Bluetooth: Short-range communication protocol for personal devices.

Important IoT Communication Protocols:

  1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):

    • Lightweight protocol for low-bandwidth environments.
    • Used in smart homes and industrial IoT.

  2. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

    • Web-based protocol for IoT devices like smart appliances.
    • Ensures secure data transfer.

  3. ZigBee:

    • Low-power protocol used in home automation and healthcare.
    • Suitable for short-range communication.

  4. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE):

    • Efficient for wearable devices and fitness trackers.
    • Provides low-energy consumption for short distances.

Significance: These protocols ensure seamless communication, reliability, and interoperability in IoT systems.

Thankyou

- Garima Kanwar

Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER)

Posted by Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER)

Hi! I’m Garima Kanwar, founder of Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER). This platform provides notes, PDFs, and video lectures for all Polytechnic branches (ME, CS, EE) and semesters to make learning easy .I ensure exam-focused, updated, and simple-to-understand content, along with academic updates and career guidance.

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