1. BASIC COMPUTER & INTERNET SKILLS

Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER) February 18, 2025

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Hello and welcome to Rajasthan Polytechnic, a dedicated space for 2nd-semester Polytechnic students. Managed by Garima Kanwar, this blog provides essential notes, study materials, and video lectures for the subject Introduction to IT Systems. Our goal is to make learning easier and more accessible, helping you understand key concepts and excel in your studies.

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1. BASIC COMPUTER & INTERNET SKILLS

1.1 General Understanding of Various Computer Components

1.1.1 CPU, Memory, Display, Keyboard, Mouse

CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the brain of the computer. It performs most of the processing inside the computer. It carries out instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations.
- Example: When you click on an application, the CPU processes that request.
Diagram of CPU:
```
+---------------------------+
|                           |
|         CPU                |
|                           |
+---------------------------+
```
Memory: Memory refers to the devices used to store data. It stores information that the CPU needs while processing.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory that is erased when the computer is turned off.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent memory that stores basic instructions for booting the computer.
Example: When you open a document, it is loaded into RAM for quick access.
Display: The display is the screen where the output from the computer is shown. This can be a monitor, laptop screen, or TV screen. It shows images, text, and videos.
Example: When you watch a video or read an article, it is displayed on the screen.
Keyboard: The keyboard is an input device used to type text or enter commands into a computer. It contains keys like letters, numbers, function keys, and special symbols.
Example: When you type a letter in a word document, the keyboard sends that letter to the computer.
Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows you to interact with the graphical interface of the computer by moving a pointer on the screen. It has two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel.
Example: You use the mouse to click on icons, select files, or move objects on the screen.

1.1.2 HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and Pen Drive

HDD (Hard Disk Drive): An HDD is a data storage device used in computers to store files, applications, and the operating system. It uses mechanical parts to read and write data.
Example: When you save a file on your computer, it's stored in the HDD.
Diagram:
```
+------------------------+
|   Hard Disk Drive      |
|  (Circular Disk Inside)|
+------------------------+
```
Pen Drive (USB Flash Drive): A pen drive is a small, portable data storage device that connects to a computer via a USB port. It is used to store and transfer data.
Example: You can copy files from one computer and then paste them into another computer using a pen drive.
Diagram:
```
+-----------------------+
|     Pen Drive         |
|    (Flash Drive)      |
+-----------------------+
```

1.1.3 Peripheral Devices

Printers: Printers are devices that produce a physical copy (printout) of the information stored in the computer. There are different types of printers:
- Inkjet Printers: Use ink to print.
- Laser Printers: Use a laser to print on paper.
Example: When you print a document, the printer produces a hard copy of the document.
Scanners: Scanners are used to convert physical documents into digital format (images or text). The digital data can then be stored, edited, or shared on a computer.
Example: Scanning a photo to store it on your computer.
Web Camera: A web camera is used to capture real-time video and images. It's commonly used in video conferencing, online classes, or taking photos.
Example: You use a webcam to join a Zoom meeting or Skype call.
Barcode Reader: A barcode reader scans barcodes and converts them into data that a computer can process. These are used in retail, libraries, and warehouses.
Example: When you buy items at a store, the barcode is scanned to know the price and details of the product.

1.2 Computer Languages

Machine Language: Machine language is the lowest level of programming language that a computer can directly understand. It consists of binary code (1s and 0s). It is specific to the computer's architecture and not easily understood by humans.
Example: A machine language instruction might look like this: 10110101.
Assembly Language: Assembly language is slightly higher than machine language. It uses symbols and letters (mnemonics) to represent machine-level instructions. Assembly language is easier to understand than machine language, but it still requires a translator (assembler) to convert it into machine code.
Example: A simple assembly language instruction could be MOV AX, 5 which means move the value 5 into register AX.
High-Level Language: High-level languages are closer to human languages and are easier for humans to understand and use. Examples include languages like C, Java, Python, and HTML. These languages need to be compiled or interpreted into machine language for the computer to execute.
Example: A high-level language code could look like this:
```
print("Hello, World!")
```
The code above displays "Hello, World!" on the screen.

1.3 Computer & Communication

Web Address (URL): A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a resource on the web. It is used to find websites and specific pages.
Example: https://www.example.com is a URL.
IP Address: An IP address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to the internet. It allows devices to communicate with each other.
Example: A typical IP address might look like 192.168.1.1.
E-mail: E-mail (electronic mail) is a method of sending and receiving messages over the internet. It allows people to send text, images, and files to others using an email address.
Example: Sending an email from you@example.com to friend@example.com.

1.4 Awareness About Digital India Portals

Digital India is a government initiative aimed at making government services more accessible to the public through the internet. Some of the key portals include:

State Portals: Each state in India has its own digital portal that provides information and services specific to the state. Examples include:
- Maharashtra State Portal: Provides services like government schemes, citizen services, etc.
- Delhi State Portal: Offers access to e-services and official announcements.
National Portals: These are portals created by the Indian government to provide services and information at the national level. Examples include:
- www.india.gov.in: The national portal of India, offering access to government services and information.
- https://www.mygov.in/: A platform for citizen engagement and participation in governance.
College Portals: Colleges often have their own portals for students and staff to access important information, such as exam schedules, fee payment, and academic records.
Example: A university portal might include a system to view exam results, apply for courses, and download academic transcripts.

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Introduction to IT System (2003)

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