2. OPERATING SYSTEMS

Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER) February 18, 2025

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Hello and welcome to Rajasthan Polytechnic, a dedicated space for 2nd-semester Polytechnic students. Managed by Garima Kanwar, this blog provides essential notes, study materials, and video lectures for the subject Introduction to IT Systems. Our goal is to make learning easier and more accessible, helping you understand key concepts and excel in your studies.

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2. OPERATING SYSTEMS

2.1 Introduction and Definition of Operating Systems

  • Operating System (OS): An Operating System (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the software applications that run on the computer.

  • Functions of an Operating System:

    1. Memory Management: The OS manages the computer's memory, allocating space for programs to run and ensuring that one program doesn’t interfere with another.
    2. Processor Management: It schedules and allocates processor time to different programs, ensuring that each gets a fair share of CPU time.
    3. File Management: The OS manages files on storage devices, allowing users to store, retrieve, and organize their data in directories.
    4. Security and Access Control: The OS ensures that unauthorized users cannot access the system and controls the access level for different users.
    5. User Interface: The OS provides an interface that allows users to interact with the computer, whether through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).

    Example:

    • When you open a program on your computer, the OS allocates memory for it, loads the program, and handles its interaction with the hardware.

    Diagram of Operating System's Role:


    +----------------------------------+
|        Application Software      |
+----------------------------------+
           | 
           v
+----------------------------------+
|        Operating System         |
+----------------------------------+
           | 
           v
+----------------------------------+
|          Hardware (CPU, RAM)     |
+----------------------------------+

2.2 Brief Introduction to Types of Operating Systems

Operating systems can be classified based on different criteria, such as their use, how they interact with users, and the hardware they support. Here are the main types of operating systems:

  • 1. Batch Operating System: In this type of OS, tasks are grouped into batches based on their types. The OS processes these batches without user interaction. It is rarely used today, except in certain specialized applications.

    Example: Old mainframe systems used batch processing for accounting or payroll.

  • 2. Time-Sharing Operating System: A time-sharing OS allows multiple users to use a computer simultaneously by rapidly switching between users' tasks. Each user is given a small time slice of the CPU, allowing all users to interact with the system at once.

    Example: UNIX is a time-sharing OS, allowing multiple users to log in to the same system at the same time.

  • 3. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): RTOS is designed for real-time applications where processing must occur within strict time constraints. It is used in systems that require high reliability and quick response times, such as embedded systems.

    Example: RTOS is used in systems like automotive controls, industrial robots, and medical equipment.

  • 4. Single-User, Single-Task Operating System: This OS is designed to handle only one user at a time and can handle only one task at a time. It is simple and often used for personal or standalone systems.

    Example: Early versions of MS-DOS were single-user, single-tasking systems.

  • 5. Single-User, Multi-Tasking Operating System: This type of OS is capable of handling multiple tasks simultaneously for a single user. Most modern desktop operating systems are of this type.

    Example: Microsoft Windows and Mac OS are examples of single-user, multi-tasking OS.

  • 6. Multi-User Operating System: A multi-user OS allows multiple users to access a computer system at the same time, either by sharing resources or through individual terminals. This is useful in large organizations, data centers, or academic institutions.

    Example: Unix and Linux are examples of multi-user operating systems.

  • 7. Distributed Operating System: This type of OS manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as if they are a single system. It handles resource sharing, communication, and synchronization between multiple machines.

    Example: Google's Android OS and Apache Hadoop are based on distributed OS principles.

2.3 OS Installation

Installing an operating system (OS) is a process in which the OS software is transferred to a computer’s hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). It also involves configuring settings and ensuring all necessary drivers are installed.

2.3.1 MS Windows Installation

The installation process for Microsoft Windows can be broken down into the following steps:

  1. Prepare Installation Media:

    • Download the Windows installation ISO (disk image) file from Microsoft’s website or use a Windows installation disc or USB drive.
    • Example: You can create a bootable USB drive using tools like Rufus.

  2. Boot from the Installation Media:

    • Insert the bootable USB or disc into your computer and restart it.
    • Set the BIOS/UEFI settings to boot from the USB or DVD drive by pressing a key (usually F12 or Esc) during the boot process.

  3. Start Installation:

    • When the computer boots, the Windows setup screen will appear. Select the language and region, then click Next.
    • Click Install Now to begin the installation process.

  4. Activate Windows:

    • During installation, you may be asked to enter a product key. If you don't have a product key, you can skip this step and activate Windows later.

  5. Partition the Hard Drive:

    • The installer will prompt you to choose the hard drive or SSD where Windows will be installed. If needed, you can create, delete, or format partitions.

  6. Copy Files and Install Features:

    • The installation process will copy necessary files, install system features, and set up your computer. It may take some time and the computer will restart several times.

  7. Set Up User Accounts:

    • Once installation is complete, you'll be asked to create a username, password, and set up system preferences, such as privacy settings, region, and time zone.

  8. Install Updates and Drivers:

    • After the OS is installed, Windows will automatically download and install updates and drivers for your hardware components (e.g., graphics card, sound, network).

Example of Windows Installation Process:


1. Boot from installation media (USB/DVD)
2. Choose language and region
3. Click "Install Now"
4. Enter product key (optional)
5. Select disk partition for installation
6. Wait for installation to complete
7. Set up user account, password, and preferences

2.4 Brief Introduction to Unix Shell

  • Unix Shell: The Unix Shell is a command-line interface (CLI) used to interact with the Unix operating system. It provides a way to execute commands, manage files, and run programs without using a graphical user interface (GUI). The shell interprets user input and executes corresponding actions on the system.

  • Types of Unix Shells:

    • Bash (Bourne Again Shell): The most widely used shell in Linux and macOS. It's an improved version of the original Bourne shell.
    • Tcsh (Tenex C Shell): A more feature-rich shell for advanced users.
    • Zsh (Z Shell): An extended shell offering powerful features and customization options.

  • Basic Commands in Unix Shell:

    • ls: Lists files and directories in the current directory.
      • Example: ls /home/user
    • cd: Changes the current directory.
      • Example: cd /usr/local
    • pwd: Prints the current working directory.
      • Example: pwd will display something like /home/user
    • cp: Copies files from one location to another.
      • Example: cp file1.txt /backup
    • rm: Removes files or directories.
      • Example: rm file1.txt

  • Shell Prompt: The shell prompt is the text that appears in the terminal, indicating the system is ready to accept commands. It typically looks like:


    username@hostname:~$

    Example:


    user@linux:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures

    Explanation: The user has entered the ls command, and the system shows the contents of the home directory (Desktop, Documents, etc.).

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Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER)

Posted by Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER)

Hi! I’m Garima Kanwar, founder of Rajasthan Polytechnic (BTER). This platform provides notes, PDFs, and video lectures for all Polytechnic branches (ME, CS, EE) and semesters to make learning easy .I ensure exam-focused, updated, and simple-to-understand content, along with academic updates and career guidance.

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