2. Planning of Building, Building Planning and Drawing, CE 4004 (Same as CC 4004)

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For 4th Semester Polytechnic CE Students
Written by Garima Kanwar | Blog: Rajasthan Polytechnic

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Subject: Building Planning and Drawing, CE 4004 (Same as CC 4004)

Branch: Civil Engineering 🏗️
Semester: 4th Semester 📚

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2.1 Principles of Planning for Residential and Public Buildings 🏠

When planning any building, whether residential or public, the design needs to be practical, functional, and safe. The principles of planning ensure that the building is designed efficiently while making sure it serves the intended purpose. Here's a detailed explanation of each principle:

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2.1.1 Aspect 🌅

• Definition: Aspect refers to the positioning of the building in relation to the surroundings, mainly considering sunlight, wind, and views.

• Why it matters:

  • Sunlight: For example, in colder regions, buildings are oriented to receive maximum sunlight during the day. This helps in reducing heating costs.
  • Wind: In hotter regions, buildings may be oriented to avoid direct sunlight to keep the building cool, with windows positioned for cross ventilation to maintain airflow.
  • View: For aesthetic purposes, buildings should be designed to allow good views (e.g., a garden, lake, or city view). This adds to the overall living experience.

• Example: Imagine a house with large windows facing the sunrise or a living room positioned to enjoy the sunset. These decisions can affect the mood and comfort of the house.

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2.1.2 Prospect 👀

• Definition: Prospect refers to the type of view available from inside the building, especially from living rooms or bedrooms.

• Why it matters: A good view from the building creates a more enjoyable living environment. A pleasant outlook can enhance the overall experience of the occupants.

• Example: A house facing a garden or a scenic hill is considered to have a good prospect, as it offers beauty and natural tranquility.

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2.1.3 Orientation 🌞

• Definition: Orientation refers to which direction the building faces, which affects the exposure to natural elements like sunlight and wind.

• Why it matters:

  • Proper orientation ensures that a building receives adequate sunlight, reduces heat gain in hot climates, and enhances ventilation.
  • The orientation can also improve energy efficiency by reducing the need for artificial lighting and heating.

• Example: A house in a colder region might be oriented with larger windows facing south to capture the maximum amount of sunlight. In hot climates, houses might be oriented with fewer windows on the west side to avoid harsh afternoon sun.

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2.1.4 Grouping 👫

• Definition: Grouping refers to the arrangement of rooms and spaces in a way that makes the building functional and logical.

• Why it matters:

  • Functionality: Rooms that serve similar purposes should be grouped together. For example, bedrooms should be grouped together, while living areas (living room, kitchen) should be located near each other for convenience.
  • Privacy: Private areas like bedrooms and bathrooms should be separate from public areas like the living room and kitchen.

• Example: In a house, a master bedroom might be located far from the living room for privacy, and the kitchen and dining areas are placed together for easy access.

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2.1.5 Privacy 🚪

• Definition: Privacy refers to ensuring that spaces like bedrooms and bathrooms are not exposed to public view or noise.

• Why it matters:

  • Good planning ensures that private areas are well shielded from public areas. This is important in both residential and public buildings to make the spaces comfortable.

• Example: In a residential building, bedrooms are placed away from the living room, while bathrooms have separate entries. In public buildings, areas like offices or meeting rooms are designed to limit access and provide privacy.

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2.1.6 Elegance ✨

• Definition: Elegance refers to the aesthetic quality of a building. It combines beauty, simplicity, and functionality.

• Why it matters:

  • An elegant building not only serves its purpose but also enhances the experience of being in it.
  • Elegance can be achieved through design elements such as the layout, materials, finishes, and decorations that create an attractive space.

• Example: A beautifully designed lobby with high ceilings and elegant lighting creates an inviting atmosphere for a building.

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2.1.7 Flexibility 🔄

• Definition: Flexibility refers to designing spaces that can be adapted over time to meet changing needs.

• Why it matters:

  • Life changes, such as a growing family or changes in work needs, may require modifications to the space. Having flexibility allows the building to serve a variety of needs without extensive renovation.

• Example: A room that can be used as a bedroom, study, or guest room offers flexibility. Open floor plans also provide flexibility in terms of how the space can be used.

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2.1.8 Circulation 🚶‍♂️🚶‍♀️

• Definition: Circulation refers to the movement of people through a building. It includes hallways, staircases, lifts, and entrances.

• Why it matters:

  • Proper circulation ensures that people can move through the building easily and efficiently.
  • The circulation layout should avoid congestion and make it easy for people to reach different parts of the building.

• Example: A hospital should have clearly marked corridors that lead patients to their respective departments without confusion. In a home, the design should avoid long, narrow corridors to make movement more convenient.

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2.1.9 Furniture Requirements 🛋️

• Definition: Furniture planning ensures that the rooms are sized properly to accommodate furniture and appliances.

• Why it matters:

  • Furniture must fit comfortably within the room while maintaining sufficient space for circulation.
  • Consideration should be given to how furniture will be arranged and the space needed for movement.

• Example: A living room should have enough space to place sofas, tables, and TV units without making the room feel cramped.

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2.1.10 Sanitation 🚽

• Definition: Sanitation refers to the proper placement and design of plumbing and waste disposal systems to maintain cleanliness and hygiene.

• Why it matters:

  • Proper sanitation ensures that the building has a continuous water supply, functional toilets, and proper drainage to maintain health and hygiene.

• Example: A well-designed bathroom should have proper drainage to prevent flooding and ensure easy cleaning.

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2.1.11 Economy 💰

• Definition: Economy refers to the balance between the cost of construction and the performance of the building.

• Why it matters:

  • Good planning should help keep costs manageable while still achieving the desired level of quality, comfort, and safety.

• Example: Choosing locally available materials for construction can reduce costs while still providing a durable building.

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2.2 Space Requirement and Norms for Minimum Dimensions of Different Units 📏

The Indian Standard IS 962 provides rules for the minimum dimensions of rooms and areas in buildings to ensure comfort and efficiency. It lays down the minimum room sizes and spacing needed to allow easy movement and use. For example:

• Living Room: Minimum size of 3.0m x 4.5m.
• Bedroom: Minimum size of 3.0m x 3.5m.
• Bathroom: Minimum size of 1.5m x 1.8m.

Following these dimensions ensures that the building remains functional and comfortable for the residents or users.

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2.3 Rules and Bye-Laws of Sanctioning Authorities for Construction Work 🏛️

Before starting any construction, there are local government or municipal rules that must be followed. These rules cover aspects such as:

• Zoning regulations: Ensuring that the land is used appropriately (e.g., residential, commercial, or industrial).
• Building codes: Covering safety standards, including earthquake-resistant designs, fire safety, and structural stability.
• Environmental regulations: To ensure the building does not harm the environment.

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2.4 Plot Area, Built-Up Area, Super Built-Up Area, Plinth Area, Carpet Area, Floor Area, and FAR 🗺️

These terms help define the various areas of a building and land:

• Plot Area: Total area of land on which the building is constructed.
• Built-Up Area: Includes the area covered by the building itself, including walls.
• Super Built-Up Area: Built-up area plus a share of common spaces like lifts and corridors.
• Plinth Area: The area of the building at the ground level, including walls.
• Carpet Area: The area inside the building where you can actually lay carpets, excluding walls and common areas.
• Floor Area: The area of each floor, including walls.
• FAR (Floor Area Ratio): A ratio that shows how much floor area you can build in relation to the land area.

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2.5 Line Plans for Residential Building of Minimum Three Rooms 🏡

A line plan is a simple sketch of a building layout. For a residential building, the minimum line plan will include:

• Three rooms (living room + two bedrooms).
• WC and bath (water closet and bathroom).
• Staircase (if it's a multi-story building).

These elements ensure that the building has essential facilities and a logical layout.

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2.6 Line Plans for Public Buildings 🏢

Public buildings are designed for different functions. Here are the line plans for various types of public buildings:

• School Building: Classrooms, a library, toilets, and a playground.
• Primary Health Centre: Examination rooms, waiting areas, and a pharmacy.
• Restaurant: Kitchen, dining area, and toilets.
• Bank: Customer area, counters, vault, and staff rooms.
• Post Office: Counters, storage for parcels, and public areas.
• Hostel: Sleeping rooms, bathrooms, and a dining hall.
• Function Hall: Large open space, storage, and kitchen.
• Library: Reading areas, book storage, and study rooms.

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Conclusion 🏠

Building planning requires careful thought and attention to detail. From considering privacy and sunlight to the layout of rooms and the design of sanitation systems, every element should be planned for both practicality and comfort. By following the standards and principles of planning, buildings can be functional, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing.

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