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For 4th Semester Polytechnic CE Students
Written by Garima Kanwar | Blog: Rajasthan Polytechnic
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Subject: Building Planning and Drawing, CE 4004 (Same as CC 4004)
Branch: Civil Engineering 🏗️
Semester: 4th Semester 📚
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1. Conventions and Symbols
Conventions and symbols are essential for standardizing building drawings and making them universally understandable. Let's explore each aspect in detail:
1.1. Conventions as per IS 962
IS 962 is an Indian Standard code that lays out the guidelines for preparing architectural drawings. It provides rules for the use of symbols, lines, dimensions, and other drawing practices. These conventions ensure that everyone in the construction industry (architects, engineers, workers) can understand the plans without any confusion.
Some key points covered in IS 962:
- Symbolism: The drawing should use universally accepted symbols to represent materials, objects, and features.
- Line Types: Different line types should be used to represent various features like edges, hidden lines, dimensions, etc.
- Scale: Drawings should be scaled appropriately depending on the level of detail.
1.2. Symbols for Different Materials
In architectural drawings, symbols represent various materials. These symbols help to identify the material type quickly. Let's look at some common symbols:
1.2.1. Earthwork 🌍
Earthwork refers to the excavation and filling of earth to prepare a site for construction. It can be depicted with dashed lines or hatch patterns to indicate areas where excavation or embankments are made.
Example Diagram:
1.2.2. Brickwork 🧱
Brickwork is represented using parallel lines spaced closely together to symbolize the layers of bricks in a wall. The lines may also be angled to represent the bond or laying style.
Example Diagram:
1.2.3. Stonework 🪨
Stonework is depicted with irregular lines to show the natural texture of stone. This pattern is used to give the impression of rough stone materials.
Example Diagram:
1.2.4. Concrete 🏗️
Concrete is commonly represented using solid lines or cross-hatching patterns to show the solid, durable nature of the material.
Example Diagram:
1.2.5. Woodwork 🌳
Woodwork is often shown with parallel lines that are spaced out to simulate the grain of the wood.
Example Diagram:
1.2.6. Glass 🪟
Glass is typically shown as blank spaces or represented with lighter or dotted lines in drawings to indicate transparent surfaces.
Example Diagram:
1.3. Graphical Symbols for Doors and Windows
Doors and windows are crucial components in building planning. Here's how we represent them in drawings:
Doors 🚪
- Symbol for Doors: Doors are shown as a straight line with a curved arc representing the swing direction.
- The length of the line represents the width of the door, while the arc shows the opening direction.
Example Diagram:
Windows 🪟
- Symbol for Windows: Windows are typically represented as thin parallel lines with a gap indicating the opening. The shape can be rectangular or square.
Example Diagram:
1.4. Abbreviations and Symbols for Sanitary and Electrical Installations
Sanitary Installations 🚽
Symbols for sanitary fittings like toilets, sinks, and drainage are essential for plumbing and drainage layout.
- Toilet (WC): Symbolized with a circle or rectangular box with a water supply line.
- Sink: Represented with a circle with a "T" or a square to indicate the shape of the basin.
- Drainage: Represented with a small circle or line with a dash, indicating pipework.
Electrical Installations ⚡
Symbols for electrical components such as outlets, switches, and lights:
- Electrical Outlet: Shown as a circle with a line in the center.
- Switch: Represented by a circle or square with an "X".
- Light: Represented with a circle with lines radiating outwards.
1.5. Types of Lines ✏️
Lines play a crucial role in architectural drawings to distinguish different components and elements. Let's explore the most important line types:
1.5.1. Visible Lines
These are thick, solid lines used to represent objects that are visible in the view. Visible lines are the primary feature in any drawing.
Example Diagram:
1.5.2. Centre Line
A thin, dashed line representing the central axis of an object or structure. It helps in creating symmetry and alignment.
Example Diagram:
1.5.3. Hidden Line
A thin dashed line that shows parts of an object hidden from the current view, like internal components.
Example Diagram:
1.5.4. Section Line
A thick line with cross-hatching used to show a cut through an object, revealing internal details.
Example Diagram:
1.5.5. Dimension Line
Dimension lines are used to show measurements, with arrows at both ends.
Example Diagram:
1.6. Appropriate Size of Lettering and Numerals ✍️
In architectural drawings, legibility is key. Therefore, there are standard sizes for lettering and numerals:
- Titles/Sub-titles: 7-10mm for easy reading.
- Notes: 5-7mm size for annotations and instructions.
- Dimensions: Typically 3-5mm for smaller, more detailed measurements.
1.7. Types of Scale 📏
A scale is used to represent the real dimensions of a building on paper. Different types of scales are used based on the level of detail and the type of drawing:
1.7.1. Monumental Scale
This scale is used for large, site-level drawings. It allows the entire project (like a building or site) to be represented on a manageable sheet. For example, 1:1000 or 1:500.
1.7.2. Intimate Scale
Used for small, detailed drawings such as room layouts or furniture details. Examples are 1:10 or 1:20.
1.7.3. Criteria for Proper Selection of Scale
The scale is chosen based on the level of detail and the size of the object. For example, a 1:500 scale is used for a site plan, while 1:20 might be used for interior designs.
1.8. Sizes of Various Standard Papers/Sheets 📄
Standard paper sizes ensure consistency in drawing submissions. The commonly used sizes are:
- A0: 841 x 1189 mm (Used for very large plans)
- A1: 594 x 841 mm
- A2: 420 x 594 mm
- A3: 297 x 420 mm
- A4: 210 x 297 mm (Used for smaller details or prints)
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