3. Planning and Scheduling , Construction Management, CE 40071 (Same as CC/CV 40071)

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Written by Garima Kanwar | Blog: Rajasthan Polytechnic

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Subject: Construction Management, CE 40071 (Same as CC/CV 40071)

Branch: Civil Engineering 🏗️
Semester: 4th Semester 📚

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3. Planning and Scheduling 🏗️📅

Planning and scheduling are crucial in construction projects because they ensure that work is completed on time and within budget. By identifying tasks, estimating time for each, and organizing them efficiently, project managers can better control resources and timelines.

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3.1 Identifying Broad Activities in Construction Work & Allotting Time to It 🏗️⏰

In a construction project, identifying broad activities is the first step in planning. These activities are usually high-level tasks that need to be completed for the project to be finished.

Examples of broad activities in a building construction project:

1. Excavation: Digging up the ground to lay the foundation.
2. Foundation Work: Constructing the base of the building.
3. Superstructure: Building the main structure (walls, beams, floors).
4. Roofing: Installing the roof.
5. Finishing: Interior works like painting, flooring, and plumbing.

Once the activities are identified, the next step is to allot time to each one. This is done by estimating how long each task will take based on experience, resources, and complexity.

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3.1.1 Methods of Scheduling 📊

There are several ways to schedule a project, but the two most commonly used methods are Bar Charts (Gantt Charts) and Network Diagrams.

1. Bar Chart (Gantt Chart) 📈:

   • Definition: A bar chart is a visual representation of activities on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. It helps in tracking the progress of each task over time.
   • Advantages: Simple, easy to create, and easy to understand.
   • Disadvantages: Doesn’t show task dependencies or relationships.

   Example:
   If a project has four activities (Excavation, Foundation, Walls, Roofing), the Gantt chart will represent these activities as bars, showing the time span for each activity.

   Activity        Duration (Days)
   Excavation      |██████|  (10 days)
   Foundation      |████████| (12 days)
   Walls           |████████████| (14 days)
   Roofing         |█████| (7 days)
   

2. Network Diagram 🔗:

   • Definition: A network diagram shows the sequence of activities and their dependencies. Activities are represented as nodes (boxes), and dependencies are represented as arrows connecting these nodes.
   • Advantages: It shows task relationships and dependencies.
   • Disadvantages: More complex than bar charts.

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3.1.2 Development of Bar Charts 📊

Creating a Bar Chart involves:

1. Listing all activities: Make a list of all tasks that need to be completed.
2. Estimating the duration for each activity: Based on the complexity and resources available, estimate how long each task will take.
3. Plotting activities on the bar chart: Draw bars on the time axis to represent each activity. The length of the bar corresponds to the duration of the task.

Example:

For a construction project with four activities (Excavation, Foundation, Walls, Roofing) with the following durations:

Activity	Duration (days)
Excavation	5
Foundation	7
Walls	10
Roofing	8

The bar chart will look like this:

Excavation  |█████-----------------------------|
Foundation  |--------██████-------------------|
Walls       |-------------------------████████|
Roofing     |----------------------------████████|

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3.1.3 Merits & Limitations of Bar Charts ✅❌

Merits:

1. Simplicity: Bar charts are easy to understand and create. They give a quick overview of project progress.
2. Clear Visual Representation: They visually display activities and their durations over time, making it easier to monitor progress.

Limitations:

1. No Task Dependency: Bar charts don't show how tasks are related to each other, which makes it harder to manage complex projects.
2. No Flexibility: It can be difficult to show changes or delays in tasks.

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3.2 Elements of Network 🔗

A Network Diagram is used to plan and schedule a project by mapping out activities and their relationships.

1. Event 🎉:

   • Definition: An event represents a milestone or a point in time when something significant happens (e.g., "Completion of Foundation").
   • Example: "Event 1: Completion of Excavation" marks the end of the excavation activity.

2. Activity 🛠️:

   • Definition: Activities are tasks or actions that take time to complete. They are represented by arrows in a network diagram.
   • Example: An activity like "Excavation" might take 5 days.

3. Dummy Activities 🚫:

   • Definition: Dummy activities are used in a network diagram to maintain logical relationships between events. They have no duration and are used to link two events when there is no direct activity between them.
   • Example: If Task A must be completed before Task B, but no task is in between them, a dummy activity (depicted with a dashed arrow) is used to show this relationship.

4. Precautions in Drawing Network ⚠️:

   • Ensure that the diagram is logical and clear.
   • Avoid cycles (circular relationships), as they can lead to confusion.
   • Use dummy activities when necessary to show dependencies.

5. Numbering the Events 🔢:

   • Event numbering is essential for clarity and referencing. Every event should have a unique identifier to avoid confusion.

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3.3 CPM (Critical Path Method) Networks ⏳

The Critical Path Method (CPM) helps determine the longest sequence of activities (critical path) and thus the shortest time required to complete the project.

1. Activity Time Estimate ⏰:

   • Before creating a network diagram, the time required for each activity needs to be estimated based on factors like resources, work complexity, and team efficiency.

2. Event Times by Forward & Backward Pass Calculation 🔄:

   • Forward Pass: This is used to calculate the earliest possible start and finish times for each activity. You start from the project start and move forward.
   • Backward Pass: This calculates the latest possible start and finish times, starting from the project end.

3. Start and Finish Time of Activity ⏳:

   • Start Time: This is the earliest time an activity can start without delaying the project.
   • Finish Time: This is the earliest time an activity can finish.

4. Project Duration ⏱️:

   • The total duration of the project is the time taken to complete the critical path from the start to the finish.

5. Floats 🔄 (Time Flexibility for Activities):

   • Free Float: The amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying any subsequent activity.
   • Independent Float: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting its successor or predecessor.
   • Total Float: The total amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the entire project.

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3.4 Purpose of Crashing a Network 🏃‍♂️💨

Crashing is a technique used to reduce the duration of a project, typically by adding more resources, overtime, or extra shifts. It helps when a project needs to be completed earlier than originally planned.

1. Normal Time and Cost 💰:

   • This is the initial estimated duration and cost of an activity under normal working conditions.

2. Crash Time and Cost 💸:

   • This is the reduced duration and increased cost when the activity is sped up.

3. Cost Slope 📉:

   • This represents the rate at which the cost increases when the project duration is reduced.

4. Optimization of Cost and Duration 💡:

   • The goal is to reduce the project duration while keeping the cost within an acceptable limit.

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3.5 Material Management 🏗️📦

Material management is the process of planning, controlling, and managing the materials required in construction projects.

1. Ordering Cost 💳:

   • The cost associated with placing and processing an order for materials (e.g., transportation, handling fees).

2. Inventory Carrying Cost 🏷️:

   • The cost of storing materials, including warehousing and maintenance costs.

3. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) 📦:

   • The optimal order quantity that minimizes both ordering and carrying costs.
   • Formula:
   $$EOQ=\sqrt{\frac{2DS}{\mathrm{H}}}$$

   Where:

   • D = Demand (units per year)
   • S = Ordering cost per order
   • H = Holding cost per unit per year

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3.6 Store Management 🏪

Store management ensures that materials are efficiently tracked, stored, and managed for smooth project execution.

1. Various Records related to Store Management 📑:

   • Stock Register: A record of all materials received and issued.
   • Issue Vouchers: Documents that track the materials issued to different workstations or activities.

2. Inventory Control by ABC Technique 📊:

   • Classifying materials into three categories:
     • A-items: High-value, low-quantity items.
     • B-items: Moderate-value and moderate-quantity items.
     • C-items: Low-value, high-quantity items.

3. Material Procurement through Portals 🌐:

• Portals like www.inampro.nic.in help in streamlining the procurement process, allowing contractors to procure materials online from suppliers.

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