4. Minor and Micro Irrigation, Water Resources Engineering, CE 4005 Same as CV 4005

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For 4th Semester Polytechnic CE Students
Written by Garima Kanwar | Blog: Rajasthan Polytechnic

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Subject: Water Resources Engineering, CE 4005 Same as CV 4005

Branch: Civil Engineering 🏗️
Semester: 4th Semester 📚

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4. Minor and Micro Irrigation 💧🌱

Minor and micro irrigation systems are designed to optimize the use of water resources for agriculture, especially in areas where water is scarce. These systems allow for more efficient water usage and help improve crop yields. Let's go through the concepts in detail.

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4.1 Percolation Tanks – Need, Selection of Site 🏞️💦

Percolation Tanks are small, man-made reservoirs that collect and store water to allow it to seep into the ground, increasing groundwater levels. These are particularly useful in arid and semi-arid areas.

Need of Percolation Tanks:

• Groundwater Recharge: The primary purpose is to recharge the groundwater table, which helps improve water availability for irrigation.
• Water Storage: They store surface water during the monsoon season, which can be used during dry periods.
• Prevent Soil Erosion: The stored water reduces surface runoff and prevents soil erosion.

Selection of Site:

The site selection for percolation tanks should be based on the following criteria:

1. Topography: The area should have a natural slope to allow water to flow easily into the tank.
2. Soil Type: Soil should have good percolation properties, such as sandy soil or loamy soil, to allow water to seep into the ground.
3. Catchment Area: A larger catchment area can collect more water.
4. Hydrology: Availability of surface water, such as from nearby rivers or streams, should be considered.

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4.2 Lift Irrigation Scheme 🚰🔧

Lift Irrigation involves lifting water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation using pumps, pipelines, and other infrastructure. It is especially useful when water is available in rivers or streams but the fields are located at higher elevations.

4.2.1 Components and Their Functions:

• Pump: Pumps are used to lift the water from a lower to a higher elevation.
• Canals/Pipes: Water is transported through canals or pipes from the source to the fields.
• Distribution System: A system to evenly distribute water to the crops (e.g., through pipes or channels).
• Energy Source: The power source for the pump can be electricity, diesel, or renewable sources like solar power.

4.2.2 Layout:

• The layout of a lift irrigation system includes:
  1. Water Source: A river, stream, or reservoir.
  2. Pump Station: Located near the water source to lift the water.
  3. Pipeline or Canal Network: Used to carry the water to the agricultural land.
  4. Field Distribution System: The final distribution to crops using pipes, sprinklers, or furrows.

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4.3 Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 🌾💧

Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation are two modern methods of irrigation designed to minimize water wastage and improve water efficiency.

4.3.1 Need for Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation:

• Water Conservation: Both methods ensure that water is delivered directly to the plant's root zone, reducing evaporation and runoff.
• Improved Crop Yield: More precise water delivery results in healthier crops and higher yields.
• Suitable for Various Soil Types: These systems can be used in sandy, loamy, or clayey soils, especially in areas with irregular rainfall.

4.3.2 Components and Layout:

• Drip Irrigation:

  1. Mainline and Sub-mainline: Pipes carry water to the plants.
  2. Emitters: Devices that release small amounts of water directly to the plant roots.
  3. Filters: To remove debris and ensure clean water is supplied to the plants.
  4. Pressure Regulators: Maintain consistent water pressure in the system.

  Layout: Water flows from the main pipeline to sub-main pipelines, then to lateral lines, and finally to individual emitters near plant roots.

• Sprinkler Irrigation:

  1. Sprinkler Heads: These spray water in the form of droplets, simulating rainfall.
  2. Mainline and Lateral Lines: Water is carried from the source to the sprinkler heads.
  3. Pump: Provides the necessary pressure for the sprinklers.
  4. Controllers: Regulate the timing and duration of irrigation.

  Layout: Water flows from the mainline through lateral pipes to the sprinklers, which then distribute the water evenly across the field.

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4.4 Well Irrigation 💧🔨

Well Irrigation is the practice of drawing water from wells to irrigate crops. It is one of the oldest and most commonly used methods of irrigation, especially in regions with available groundwater.

4.4.1 Types and Yield of Wells:

• Types of Wells:

  1. Open Wells: Large, shallow wells from which water is lifted manually or by pumps.
  2. Tube Wells: Deep wells that are dug using a bore and are usually fitted with a pump to lift the water.
  3. Bore Wells: Similar to tube wells, these are drilled deep into the ground to access groundwater.

• Yield of Wells: The yield of a well depends on several factors:

  1. Depth: Deeper wells tend to yield more water.
  2. Aquifer Characteristics: The permeability of the aquifer affects how much water a well can yield.
  3. Pumping Rate: The rate at which water is extracted impacts the yield.

4.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Well Irrigation:

• Advantages:

  1. Reliable Water Source: Provides a continuous water supply, especially during dry seasons.
  2. Cost-Effective: After initial investment, operational costs are low.
  3. Independence: Farmers do not depend on rainfall or surface water sources.

• Disadvantages:

  1. Over-Extraction: Excessive use of wells can lead to depletion of groundwater levels.
  2. High Initial Investment: The cost of drilling wells and installing pumps can be high.
  3. Water Quality: Groundwater may contain high levels of salts or other impurities.

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Summary 📝

• Minor and Micro Irrigation systems like percolation tanks, lift irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and well irrigation help in efficient water management, especially in water-scarce areas.
• Percolation Tanks recharge groundwater and prevent soil erosion.
• Lift Irrigation systems use pumps to lift water to higher elevations and distribute it through pipelines.
• Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation deliver water directly to the plant roots, conserving water and increasing crop yields.
• Well Irrigation involves drawing groundwater for irrigation, but excessive use can deplete water resources.

These irrigation methods are critical for sustainable agricultural practices and help maximize water use efficiency in farming.

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