Notes for Civil Engineering (4th Semester): Advanced Surveying Equipment

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For 4th Semester Polytechnic CE Students
Written by Garima Kanwar | Blog: Rajasthan Polytechnic

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Subject: Advanced Surveying CE 4002(Same as CC 4002)

Branch: Civil Engineering 🏗️
Semester: 4th Semester 📚

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4.1 Principle of Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)

4.1.1 Its Component Parts and Their Functions

An Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) is an instrument used for measuring the distance between the instrument and a target point. It works by sending a signal (electromagnetic) to the target and measuring the time it takes for the signal to return.

Components of EDM:

1. Transmitter: Sends an electromagnetic signal towards the target.
2. Receiver: Receives the reflected signal from the target.
3. Display Unit: Shows the measured distance.
4. Electronic Circuitry: Processes the signals and converts them into measurable distance.

Working:

• The transmitter sends a signal to the reflector placed on the target.
• The signal reflects back from the target to the receiver.
• The time taken for the signal to return is used to calculate the distance.

Example: When surveying for a road, EDM can quickly give accurate distance measurements between different points, saving time compared to traditional methods.

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4.1.2 Use of EDM

EDM is primarily used for:

• Measuring Long Distances: EDM can measure distances accurately over long ranges (up to several kilometers).
• Surveying: Used in land surveying for establishing distances and layout of boundaries.
• Topographic Mapping: Used for creating maps by measuring distances between points on the ground.
• Tunnel and Road Surveying: Ensures that the tunnel or road alignment is straight and precise.

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4.2 Use of Theodolites

4.2.1 Micro Optic Theodolite

A Micro Optic Theodolite is a modern version of the traditional theodolite that uses optical and digital technology for higher precision.

• Components:

  • Telescope: Used to sight the target.
  • Horizontal and Vertical Circles: Measure the horizontal and vertical angles.
  • Micrometer: Helps read precise angles.

• Advantages:

  • Higher precision than traditional theodolites.
  • Easier to use with digital technology.

Example: Used to measure angles in large-scale construction projects, such as highways or bridges, where high precision is crucial.

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4.2.2 Electronic Digital Theodolite

An Electronic Digital Theodolite integrates digital technology with a theodolite to measure angles with greater accuracy and display them electronically.

• Components:
  • Electronic Display: Shows angle readings directly.
  • Built-in Sensors: Automatically detect and adjust for errors like tilt or mechanical misalignment.
• Advantages:
  • Faster angle measurements.
  • Eliminates the need for manual reading of angle scales.

Example: Used in construction sites to measure and lay out precise angles for building corners, roads, and tunnels.

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4.3 Use of Total Station

A Total Station is an advanced surveying instrument that combines the features of an EDM, a theodolite, and a microprocessor. It is used for measuring distances, angles, and coordinates.

4.3.1 Use of Function Keys

The Total Station has several function keys that control different operations:

• Distance Measurement: Calculates the distance from the instrument to the target.
• Angle Measurement: Measures both horizontal and vertical angles.
• Coordinate Measurement: Determines the coordinates of a point.

Example: By pressing the "Measure" key, the total station instantly measures the distance and angle to a target, providing the exact position.

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4.3.2 Measurements of Horizontal Angles, Vertical Angles

• Horizontal Angles: Measured by rotating the total station horizontally to measure the angle between two points.
• Vertical Angles: Measured by tilting the total station to measure the angle of elevation or depression between the instrument and the target.

Example: When surveying a mountain road, horizontal and vertical angles are measured to determine the road’s alignment and slope.

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4.3.3 Distances and Coordinates using Total Station

Total stations can measure distances and calculate coordinates (X, Y, Z):

• Distance: Measured using EDM principles.
• Coordinates: Using the measured angles and distances, the position of a point is calculated in a Cartesian coordinate system.

Example: In building construction, total stations help determine the exact location of foundation corners and key structural points.

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4.3.4 Traversing, Profile Survey, and Contouring with Total Station

1. Traversing: A method of surveying where a series of connected points are measured with angles and distances. It helps in creating a network of known points.

   Example: Used to map out a large plot of land for urban development.

2. Profile Survey: Used to measure the elevation of points along a line to create a vertical profile of the terrain.

   Example: Creating a profile for a highway project to assess elevation changes.

3. Contouring: Helps to create contour maps by measuring elevations at regular intervals. This is used to study the shape and slope of the land.

   Example: Used in floodplain mapping or landscape design.

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Revision Points

1. EDM is used for measuring long distances with high accuracy, and it combines electronic signals for efficient distance measurement.
2. Theodolites are used to measure angles in horizontal and vertical planes, with the micro-optic and digital versions offering higher precision.
3. Total Station is an advanced surveying tool that integrates EDM and theodolite functions to measure distances, angles, and coordinates.
4. Traversing, Profile Surveys, and Contouring help in mapping, elevation studies, and land development projects.

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Question and Answers

Q1: What is an EDM and how does it work?
A1: An EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) is used for measuring distances. It works by sending an electromagnetic signal to a target and measuring the time it takes for the signal to return. The time is then converted into distance.

Q2: List the components of a Total Station.
A2: A Total Station includes:

• Electronic Distance Meter (EDM): Measures distance.
• Theodolite: Measures horizontal and vertical angles.
• Microprocessor: Computes coordinates and processes data.
• Display: Shows measured data.

Q3: What are the uses of a Total Station in surveying?
A3: A Total Station is used for:

• Measuring distances, angles, and coordinates.
• Conducting traversing, profile surveys, and contouring.
• Creating accurate maps for land development or construction projects.

Q4: Explain the function of the "Measure" key on a Total Station.
A4: The "Measure" key is used to trigger the Total Station to take measurements, such as distance and angle, to the target point. It displays the results instantly on the screen.

Q5: What is the difference between horizontal and vertical angle measurement in Total Station?
A5: Horizontal angles are measured around a horizontal plane (left to right), while vertical angles measure the angle of elevation or depression from the instrument to the target (up and down).

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Diagrams

1. Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) System

   • 🛸 (Transmitter) → 📡 (Signal) → 🏁 (Target Reflector) → 📡 (Received Signal) → 💻 (Display Distance)

2. Theodolite Measurement

   • 📏 (Horizontal Angle) → 🎯 (Target)
   • 🎯 (Vertical Angle) → 📏 (Elevation)

3. Total Station Measurement

• 🏞️ (Survey Site) → 📏 (Distance Measurement)
• 🎯 (Target Point) → 🔲 (Coordinate Calculation) → 📜 (Survey Map)

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